La polilla Copitarsia decolora: revisión del complejo de especies con base en la morfología genital masculina y de los huevos (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The moth Copitarsia decolora: a review of the species complex based on egg and male genital morphology (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Copitarsia decolora is a widely distributed polyphagous species with a large number of nominal changes due to phenotypic plasticity. We reviewed 14 males from Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Chile and the literature produced between 2003 and 2008. An analysis of the clasper complex of C. decolora male genitalia was performed by standard dissection. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of eggs structures were used as taxonomic characters. The genus Copitarsia comprises 23 species. C. corruda is considered a synonym of C. decolora. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 769-776. Epub 2010 June 02.

Copitarsia decolora es una especie polífaga ampliamente distribuida con un gran número de cambios nominales debido a su plasticidad fenotípica. Examinamos 14 machos de México, Colombia, Venezuela, Perú y Chile y revisamos la literatura producida entre 2003 y 2008. Realizamos un análisis del clasper (digitus) de los órganos genitales masculinos del complejo de C. decolora mediante una disección estándar. Utilizamos fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) del corion de los huevos como carácter taxonómico. El género Copitarsia queda compuesto por 23 especies. C. corruda se considera un sinónimo de C. decolora (Guenée).

Estereología comparativa entre las glándulas del complejo prostático del conejo Oryctolagus cunniculus / Comparative stereology between the glands of the prostatic complex in the rabbit Oryctolagus cunniculus

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar algunos parámetros estereológicos de las glándulas que conforman el complejo prostático en el conejo y así, sentar las bases para estudios morfofuncionales. Se utilizaron 5 conejos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), machos, adultos y clínicamente sanos, mantenidos en el Bioterio de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Fue disecada la región pélvica y se aisló el complejo prostático de las otras glándulas anexas. Las muestras fueron fijadas en Bouin, durante 24 horas y procesadas para su inclusión en paraplast. Se realizaron cortes seriados de 5 Jm de espesor, los cuales fueron teñidos con hematoxilina eosina, para su análisis estéreo lógico. Los resultados mostraron que el complejo prostático del conejo está formado por 4 glándulas: próstata (craneal a la glándula vesicular), propróstata (caudal a la glándula vesicular y craneal a la próstata) y dos parapróstata (inferiores y lateralmente situadas a la propróstata). El promedio de células glandulares en la próstata fue de 7,3 x 10(6)/ mm³ (D. E. 1,8 x 10(6)); en la propróstata fue de 10,33 x 10(6)/ mm³ (D. E. 2,45 x 10(6)); en la parapróstata derecha fue de 13,57 x 10(6)/ mm³ (D. E. 2,84 x 10(6)) y en la parapróstata izquierda fue de 11,91 x 10(6)/mm³ (D. E. 2,97 x 10(6)).E1 porcentaje promedio de células glandulares en la próstata fue de 14,12 por ciento (D. E. 3,01); en la propróstata fue de 13,56 por ciento (D. E. 3,13); en la parapróstata derecha fue de 18,80 por ciento (D. E. 3,04) y en la parapróstata izquierda de 18,59 por ciento (D. E. 3,43). Las glándulas del complejo prostático presentan diferencias morfológicas entre sí y, en especial, en sus aspectos estereológicos, siendo las parapróstatas las que presentaron un mayor número de células glandulares y mayor porcentaje de tejido glandular (semejante a la glándula bulbouretral), lo que podría indicar que cada una de las glándulas de este complejo cumple roles funcionales...

The aim of this study was to determine some stereological parameters of the glands of the prostatic complex in the rabbit and thereby setting the basis for future morphofunctional studies. Five rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), males, adults, clinically healthy and mantained in the Biotery of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, were used. The pelvic region was dissected and the prostatic complex of the other glands was isolated. The samples were fixed in Bouin solution for 24 hours and processed for inclusion in paraplast. Serial cuts of 5mm which were stained with hematoxilin eosin for stereological analysis. The results showed that the prostatic complex of the rabbit was composed of four glands: prostate (cranial to vesicular gland), proprostate (caudal to vesicular gland and cranial to the prostate) and two paraprostates (inferior and lateral to the prostate). The average of the glandular cells in the prostate was 7,3 x 107 mm³ (S. D. 1,8 x 10s); in the proprostate was 10,33 x 107 mm³ (S. D. 2,45 x 10s); in the right paraprostate was 13,57 x 107 mm³ (S. D. 2,84 x 10s) and in the left paraprostate was 11,91 x 107 mm³ (S. D. 2,97 x 10s). The percentage average of the glandular cells in the prostate was 14,12 percent (S. D. 3,01); in the proprostate was 13,56 percent (S. D. 3,13); in the right paraprostate was 18,80 percent (S. D. 3,04) and in the left paraprostate was 18,59 percent (S. D. 3,43). The gland of the prostatic complex show morphological differences among themselves and in particular, its stereological aspects, with paraprostates which showed an increased number of glandular cells and higher percentage of glandular tissue ( similar to the bulbourethral gland), which could indicate that each of the glands of this complex plays specific functional roles in the reproductives processes.

Morphology of male reproductive system in three species of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) Richards (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) / Morfologia do sistema reprodutor masculino em três espécies de Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) Richards (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)

Variations in the adult male reproductive system among different groups of Hymenoptera offer characteristics that help studies on behavior and phylogenetics. The objective of this study was to describe the adult male reproductive system of three Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) species. For that, tissues were disseced, fixed in 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2 and postfixed in 1 percent osmium tetroxide. The material was dehydratated and embedded for light and electron transmission microscopes. The species have similar reproductive systems, which are formed by a pair of testes, each one with three fusiforme follicles, from which emerges an efferent duct that later joins forming a deferent duct. The deferent duct opens into an ejaculatory duct. The first half of the deferent duct is enlarged and differentiated in a region specialized in sperm storage, the seminal vesicle. The accessory gland flows in the post-vesicular region of the deferent duct. The testes and vesicles are both covered with a conjunctive capsule. Sexually mature individuals have all spermatogenesis stages in their follicles. Sperms are released from testes in bundles which are disorganized inside seminal vesicles.

Variações no sistema reprodutor entre os diferentes grupos de Hymenoptera oferecem caracteres que auxiliam nos estudos de comportamento e filogenia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o sistema reprodutor masculino de três espécies de Trypoxylon (Trypargilum). Para isso, os tecidos foram dissecados, fixados em glutaraldeído 2,5 por cento em tampão cacodilato de sódio 0,1 M, pH 7,2 e pós-fixados em tetróxido de ósmio a 1 por cento. O material foi desidratado e incluído para microscopias de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. As espécies possuem os sistemas reprodutores muito semelhantes, formados por um par de testículos, cada um com três folículos fusiformes, a partir dos quais emerge um ducto eferente que depois se juntam formando o ducto deferente. O ducto deferente termina no ducto ejaculatório. A primeira metade dos ductos deferentes é dilatada e diferenciada em uma região especializada no armazenamento de espermatozóides, a vesícula seminal. A glândula acessória desemboca na região pós-vesicular do ducto deferente. Testículos e vesículas seminais são envoltos por uma única cápsula conjuntiva. Indivíduos maduros sexualmente apresentam todos os estágios da espermatogênese em seus folículos. Os espermatozóides são liberados dos testículos em feixes, os quais estão desorganizados na vesícula seminal.

Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system in Echinolittorina peruviana (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) / Anatomía microscópica del sistema reproductor masculino de Echinolittorina peruviana (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda)

Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), a gonochoric representative of the Littorinidae on the SE Pacific coast, has a male reproductive system adapted for internal fertilization. We describe this system at both macro- and microscopic levels, particularly the compartmentalized organization of the gonad, and the morphology of the penis. The male reproductive system has a variegated conical gonad-digestive gland complex. The gonad presents three compartments, 1) gametogenic acinar among the glandular acini, 2) periacinar with a layer of fusiform somatic cells and, 3) interacinar with glycogen storage cells shared with glandular acini. Spermatogenesis occurs within the acinar gametogenic compartment, with the germinal line organized in centripetal form towards the lumen. The seminal vesicle stores the products of spermatogenesis; in its cephalic region the euspermatozoa are united to the epithelium and the paraspermatozoa are distributed in the lumen. A short duct connects the seminal vesicle to the prostate gland that is open to the pallial cavity over its entire length. The anterior zone of the prostate gland is joined to the cervical spermatic groove that runs along the neck of the snail through the right pallial region; this continues as the penile spermatic groove, ascending from the base to the point of the penis. The penis is acutely conical and unpigmented; towards the anterior and adjacent to its base there is a glandular complex with a mamilliform process and a discoidal glandular region. The secretion from the discoidal region is transformed in a spicule of unknown function, whose histology is described here for the first time. The mamilliform process is formed by the spicular projection and a connective-muscle tissue band which surrounds it and separates it from the discoidal follicular glandular region; the follicular secretion crosses this band and is incorporated into the epithelium which lines the interior of the process.

Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), representante gonocórico de Littorinidae en el Pacífico Sur, tiene un sistema reproductor masculino adaptado para la fecundación interna, que en este estudio se describe a niveles macrocoscópico y microscópico; enfatizando la organización compartimentalizada de la gónada y la morfología del pene. El sistema reproductor masculino se presenta como un complejo cónico gónada-glándula digestiva abigarrado. La gónada presenta tres compartimientos: 1) gametogénico acinar entre los acinos glandulares, 2) periacinar con una capa de células somáticas fusiformes y 3) interacinar con células almacenadoras de glicógeno, compartido con los acinos glandulares. En el compartimiento gametogénico acinar ocurre la espermatogénesis con la línea germinal organizada en forma centrípeta hacia el lumen. Hacia anterior, la vesícula seminal almacena los productos de la espermatogénesis; en su región cefálica los euespermatozoides se unen al epitelio y los paraespermatozoides se distribuyen en el lumen. Este órgano se conecta con un conducto corto a la glándula prostática, abierta hacia la cavidad paleal en toda su longitud. La zona anterior de la glándula prostática se une al surco espermático cervical, que recorre el cuello del animal por la región paleal derecha; éste continúa como surco espermático peniano ascendiendo desde su base hasta la punta. El pene es cónico aguzado no pigmentado; hacia anterior adyacente a su base, hay un complejo glandular con un proceso mamiliforme y una región glandular discoidal. Su producto de secreción sería una espícula de función desconocida, cuya histología es descrita por primera vez. En este complejo glandular, el proceso mamiliforme está constituido por la proyección espicular y una banda conjuntivo-muscular que lo rodea y separa de la región glandular folicular discoidal; su secreción atraviesa dicha banda, incorporándose al epitelio de revestimiento interno del proceso.

Notes on the male genitalia of species of Ravinia and Chaetoravinia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) estudies, the male genitalia of three species of Ravinia and two species of Chaetoravinia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, subtribe Raviniina) are described and compared

Scanning electron microscopy of the male genitalia of Sarcophagidae (Diptera)

The male genitalia of nine species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) - Goniophyto honsuensis Rohdendorf, 1962, Tricharaea brevicornis (Wiedemann, 1830), Chaetoravinia derelicta (Walker, 1852), Austrohartigia spinigena (Rondani, 1864), Chrysagria duodecimpunctata Townsend, 1935, Boettcheria bisetosa Parker, 1914, Lipoptilocnema lanei Townsend, 1934, L. crispina (Lopes, 1938) and Euboettcheria alvarengai Lopes & Tibana, 1982 - were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the main morphological features are descirbed